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TankHouse Float & Massage is Wichita's premier source for Float & Massage Therapy. Float Therapy has been researched from the 1950's on for its therapeutic and healing qualities. A Pod or tank with 1000 lbs. of Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulfate) in 10-12 inches of water allows the body to float effortlessly in a quiet and stress free environment, providing a much needed rest and reset for the Brain and Nervous System. Research has proven effective for many items such as pain management, bone healing, Improved mental clarity, sleep disorders and insomnia, jet-lag, super learning, arthritis, sports injuries, and much much more. Epsom Salt is an age old and well known Therapeutic remedy and the Magnesium absorbs through the skin, keeping this commonly deficient mineral at proper levels in the body, which addresses many functions in health. Come enjoy the Health benefits of proper rest and stress reduction through Float and Massage at TankHouse Today!TankHouse Float & Massage is Wichita's premier source for Float & Massage Therapy. Float Therapy has been researched from the 1950's on for its therapeutic and healing qualities. A Pod or tank with 1000 lbs. of Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulfate) in 10-12 inches of water allows the body to float effortlessly in a quiet and stress free environment, providing a much needed rest and reset for the Brain and Nervous System. Research has proven effective for many items such as pain management, bone healing, Improved mental clarity, sleep disorders and insomnia, jet-lag, super learning, arthritis, sports injuries, and much much more. Epsom Salt is an age old and well known Therapeutic remedy and the Magnesium absorbs through the skin, keeping this commonly deficient mineral at proper levels in the body, which addresses many functions in health. Come enjoy the Health benefits of proper rest and stress reduction through Float and Massage at TankHouse Today!

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Pain Management and Health Benefits

Injury Recovery
Increased circulation to extremities and greater metabolic waste elimination occur in the zero-gravitational state of the float tank, which helps to promote faster bone and muscle recovery. Through floating, a decrease in adrenal fatigue and an increase in muscle relaxation also speed recovery times. Gravity Reduction — Floating in water that completely supports your body reduces the impact of gravity by 80%, alleviating back and neck pain as well as other gravity-induced aches, including the physical stress experienced during pregnancy.
Sulfur
Sulfate is not easily absorbed across the gut wall. Recent research has shown that it can be absorbed across the skin, and since Epsom Salts are rich with sulfate, soaking in this mineral (third most abundant in the body) can be extremely beneficial. About half of the sulfate in our bodies lies within muscles, skin and bones; the remaining half plays essential roles in maintaining health, including: bonding proteins and enzymes, contributing to energy production, helping insulin function, detoxification, joint health, fighting fatigue, depression, physical and psychological stress, degenerative diseases, reducing chronic pain, improving cellular intake of nutrients, and reducing/eliminating muscle soreness. Sulfate is required for the formation of proteins in joints; people suffering with rheumatoid arthritis have low levels of sulfate in their plasma and synovial fluid and can greatly benefit from frequent floating.
Magnesium
Sometimes known as the Master Mineral, Magnesium is involved in over 300 metabolic processes in our bodily functions. Its a precursor to neurotransmitters such as Serotonin and serves as a building block for RNA & DNA synthesis. Recent estimates have shown that over 80% of the population is Magnesium deficient. Magnesium deficiency contributes to many bodily ailments such as High Blood Pressure, Calcium & Potassium Deficiency, Poor Heart Health, Fatigue, Anxiety, Type II diabetes, Poor Memory, and many more. However we cannot get all of our magnesium needs met through diet alone and so need to supplement our levels through skin absorption. The rich Epsom Salt (Magnesium Sulfate) solution of the Float Pod allows for a luxurious Rest and Soak in this much needed Master Mineral, helping to keep the Magnesium levels in your Body properly maintained.
Sleep Disorders / Insomnia
Heightened relaxation during float sessions allows participants to enter theta and even delta brain wave states. These brain states have been shown through studies to aid in diminishing sleep disorders such as insomnia. Merely entering into the theta state in a float session has been likened to getting 4 to 6 hours of 'regular' sleep!
Addiction
Studies have shown that flotation therapy can be helpful in alleviating withdrawal symptoms and reduce the physical and emotional stress involved in the addiction recovery process, since the production of naturally occurring "feel good hormones" (endorphins) are enhanced, and stress hormones (cortisol) are reduced during floating.

Relaxation Response and Its Benefits

Regular Float
Participants have noted what researchers call a 'mental-reset' after floating, citing significant reductions in symptoms including decreased negative, ruminating thoughts and mood. Scientists (including noted researcher, Herbert Benson, of The Harvard Medical School and Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital) have concluded that meditative practices (including Float Therapy) lower heart rates, blood pressure and oxygen consumption, and help alleviate symptoms associated with a vast array of conditions including: Hypertension, Arthritis, Insomnia, Depression, Infertility, Cancer, Anxiety, even Aging.
Meditation
For people seeking a meditative experience, floating is an excellent way to achieve a 'clear mind.' Sensory deprivation tanks were embraced by meditators early on, and recent studies have shown that one hour in a float tank can equal four hours of real-world meditation, as the brain shifts from its normal Alpha and Beta wave-state to Theta waves – a rare brain state that is normally only achieved by the most advanced meditators. One of the greatest benefits while floating is that even first-time floaters can experience the Theta brain state from their first float, usually within the first 15-20 minutes of entering the pod, something that would take many, many hours of practice meditating in the 'real' world.

Increased Sensory Perception

Improved and Heightened Sensory
Awareness has been shown through research of floatation. Participants have noted increased acuity of all senses, taste, hearing, sight, smell, and touch.
Accelerated Learning
Floating has been clinically shown to improve memory. Greater absorption of new data occurs, as there are few external distractions inside the tank.
Brain Synchronization
Hemispheric balancing between the left (analytic) and right (creative) brain, as well as the vertical areas, the lower (primitive/reptilian), the middle (limbic/mammalian), and upper conscious neocortex increases in the float atmosphere, according to research. The brain balancing effect of floating allows for increased communication between these different areas that induces greater creativity, non-linear connections and personal insights.
Stress Reduction via Sensory Deprivation
Theta brain waves also induce a deep meditative state, where "self reprogramming", super-learning, and vivid visualization can be used to enhance and improve a skill, break an addiction, or access the heights of creativity. It is while experiencing these brainwaves that stress and anxiety begin to disappear, reducing the levels of associated neurochemicals (such as adrenaline, cortisol, and ACTH), which are responsible for many stress related illnesses.

Pregnancy and Birth Magazine rated Floatation Therapy 10 out of 10 as a useful pregnancy therapy!
Floating takes away added strain on the spine and soothes backaches and aching joints. Floating has been proven to help other common conditions of late-stage pregnancy – including insomnia, depression, and anxiety- by decreasing cortisol levels and encouraging the production of "happy endorphins." It is often noted that the floatation therapy creates a "mirror effect" of the baby floating in the womb and the Mother floating in the womb-like float tank and many women say they feel a special bonding in this unique, peaceful environment. Check with your doctor or midwife to make sure floating is right for you.

Scientific Papers

REST-assisted relaxation and chronic pain
Chronic Tension Headaches: Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy for Chronic Tension Headache: A Pilot Study by Wallbaum, Rzewnicki, Steele & Suedfeld
Muscle Tension Pain: Effects of Flotation-REST on Muscle Tension Pain by Kjellgren, Sundequist, Norlander, & Archer
Controlled Investigation of Right Hemispheric Processing Enhancement After Restricted Environmental Stimulation (REST) with Floatation
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique Improves Human Performance: Rifle Marksmanship
Reduction of Post-ECT Memory Complaints Through Brief, Partial Restricted Environmental Stimulation (REST)
REST research compilation by Penn State University Lab

Effects of Floatation Rest on Serum Cortisol in Rheumatoid Arthritis ?

Stress Management

Literature on REST Research Stress Management Barabasz A., Barabasz M., Dyer R. & Rather N. (1993).
Effects of Chamber REST, Flotation REST and Relaxation on Transient Mood State. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.113-120. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990).
The Presence or Absence of Light the REST Experience
Effects on Plasma Cortisol, Blood Pressure and Mood.Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.120-133. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.??Fine T. & Turner J.W. (1985). The Use of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.??Helmreich N.E. (1990).
The Critical Role of Personality and Organizational Factors as Determinants of Reactions to Restricted and Stressful Environments.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Research and Commentary. pp.51-61. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Jacobs, Heilbronner & Stanely. (1985). The Effects of Short Term Floatation REST on Relaxation. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.86-102. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.??Jacobs G.D., Kemp J.C., Keane K.M.& Belden A.D. (1985).
A Preliminary Clinical Outcome Study on a Hospital Based Stress Management Program Utilizing Flotation REST Biofeedback.
First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.179-185. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Kuola G. M., Kemp J., Keane K.M. & Belden A., (1984).Replication of a ClinicalOutcome Study on a Hospital-based Stress Management and Behavioral Medicine Program Utilizing Floatation REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique) and Biofeedback. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.127-135. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Treatment of Psychosomatic Illnesses Through Mental Training and Floatations in Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths, For Instance in the Treatment of Chronic Relapsing Skin Diseases (Psoriasis, Neurodermatitis) 6th International REST Conference, San Francisco. Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Zur Adjuvanten Therapie Chronisch RezidivierterHauterkrankung (Psoriasis-Vulgaris, Neurodermitis) im Magnesium-Sulfat Schwebewasser-Tank in Kombination mit UV-Bestrahlung im Therapiezentrum "Haus Ebersberg". Wickramasekera I. (1993). A Model of the Common "Active Ingredient" in Stress Reduction Techniques. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.59-74. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Sports and Athletic Performance

Baker D.A. (1990). The Use of REST in the Enhancement of Sports Performance-Tennis.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.181-187. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Bond J. (1997). "To float or not to float"… is that the question? How to maximise your use of the Sport Psychology float tanks. McAleney P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST and Visual Imagery on Athletic Performance: Tennis. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.79-86.New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Richardson S. (1997). Enhancing Rowing Ergometer Performance Through Flotation REST. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco. Stanley J., Mahoney M.& Reppert S. (1982). REST and the Enhancement of Sports Performance: A Panel Presentation and Discussion. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.168-183. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Wagaman J. & Barabasz A. (1993). Flotation REST and Imagery in the Improvement of Collegiate Athletic Performance: Basketball. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.87-92. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Other Atkinson R. (1993). Short-Term Exposure to REST: Enhancement Performance on a Signal-Detection Task. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.93-100. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Barabasz M. & Barabasz A. (1997). REST Effects on Human Performance. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco. Melchiori L.G. & Barabasz A.F. (1990). Effects of Flotation REST on Simulated Instrument Flight Performance. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.196-203. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. O'Leary D.S. & Heilbronner R.L. (1985). Flotation Rest and Information Processing: A Reaction Time Study. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.50-61. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.

Creativity Enhancement

Literature on REST Research Enhancement of Creativity Baker D.A. (1987).
The Effects of REST and Hemispheric Synchronization Compared to the Effects of REST and Guided Imagery on the Enhancement of Creativity in Problem-Solving. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.122-126. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications Metcalfe J. & Suedfeld P. (1990). Enhancing the Creativity of Psychologists Through Flotation REST. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.204-212. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Vartarian O.A. (1997). The Effects of Flotation REST on Musical Creativity. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.

Chronic Pain and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Borrie R. (1997). The Benefits of Flotation REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy) in a Pain Management Program.
6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
McCormick B.A., Shafransky D.R., Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. Jr. (1997).
Effects of Flotation REST on Plasma Cortisol in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Mereday C., Lehmann C. & Borrie R. (1990). Flotation For The Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.255-259. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Shafransky D.R., McCormick B.A., Fine T.H. & Turner J. Jr. (1997).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) on Serological Markers of Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Turner J. Jr., Deleon A., Gibson C. & Fine T.H. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST on Range Motion
Grip Strength and Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 297-306. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Barabasz M. (1993). REST
A Key Facilitator in the Treatment of Eating Disorders. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.121-126. New York: Springer-VerlagNew York Inc. Borrie R.A. (1985). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy used in Weight Reduction. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.144-151. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Dyer R., Barabasz A. & Barabasz M. (1993). Twenty-Four Hours of Chamber REST Produces Specific Food Aversions in Obese Females. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.127-144. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Treatment for Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Adams H. (1988).REST Arousability and the Nature of Alcohol and Substance Abuse.
Journal of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5, pp. 77-81.USA. Barabasz M., Barabasz A. & Dyer R. (1993). Chamber REST Reduces Alcohol Consumption: 3, 6, 12, and 24 Hour Sessions. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.163-173. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Cooper G., Adams H.& Scott J. (1988).REST and Alcohol Consumption. Journal of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5, pp.59.USA.
Smoking Cessation (Quitting Smoking) Barabasz M. & Barabasz A. (1993).
Treatment of Trichotillomania and Smoking with Hypnosis and REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.145-?156. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Fine T. & Bruno J. (1985). Floatation REST and Smoking Cessation: A preliminary Report, Health and Clinical Psychology. North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Ramirez C. (1985). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Techniques in Smoking Cessation in a Latin American Country. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.152-166. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Behavioral Therapy Borrie R., Dana J., Perry S., & Friedman M. (1993). Flotation REST
Physical Therapy and Psychological Intervention in the Treatment of Physical Disabilities. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 289-296. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Cahn H.A. (1985). Sensory Isolation used with Cognition Modification Training to Restore Medically Declared Unfit Persons to Duty and Reduce Absenteeism in City of Phoenix Maintenance Workers. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.167-178. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Grunberg N. E. (1990). Potential Applications of Restricted Environmental Stimulus Therapy in Behavioral Health. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.36-50. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Ramirez C.E., Suedfeld P., Remick R.A. & Fleming J.A.E. (1990). Potential Beneficial Effect of REST on Patients with Electroconvulsive Therapy. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.188-195. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Rzewnicki R., Wallbaum A.B.C., Steel H. & Suedfeld P. (1990). REST for Muscle Contraction Headaches; A Comparison of Two REST Environments Combined with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.245-254. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Dr. Suchurbruck, Dr. Berman & Tapprich J. (1997). Treatment of Psychosomatic Illness Through Mental Training and Floatation in Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco. Tikalsky F.D. (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation, Relaxation Therapy, Social Support and Mental Imagery as a Treatment Regimen in Breast Cancer. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp267-271. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Anxiety O'Toole P. & Barabasz M. (1997).
fects of Rational Emotive Therapy and REST on Social Anxiety. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco. Pudvah M.B. & Rzewnicki R. (1990). Six Months in the Tank: The Long-Term Effects of Flotation Isolation on State Anxiety, Hostility, and Depression. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.79-85. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.

Children with Autism

Harrison J. & Barabasz A. (1993). REST as a Treatment for Children with Autism.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 269-280. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Suedfeld P. & Schwartz G. (1980). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) as a Treatment for Autistic Children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Vol.4, #3, pp. 196-201. William & Wilkins Co.
Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) Goldstein D.D. & Jessen W.E. (1990).
Flotation Effect on Premenstrual Syndrome. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.260-266. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.??Jessen W. (1993). The Effects of Consecutive Floats and Their Timing on Premenstrual Syndrome. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 281-288. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Physiological Effects

Barabasz M., O'Neill M. & Scoggin G. (1990).
The Physiological Panic Button: New Data. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.112-119. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.Budzynski T.H. (1990). Hemespheric Asymmetry and REST. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Theoretical and Empirical Developments in Flotation REST. Pp. 2-21. New York: Sringer-Verlag New York Inc.
Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990).
The Presence or Absence of Light in the REST Experience: Effects on Plasma Cortisol, Blood Pressure and Mood. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.120- 133. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Fine T., Mills D. & Turner J. Jr. (1993). Differential Effects of Wet and Dry Flotation REST on EEG Frequency and Amplitude. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. 205-213. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.??Fine T. & Turner J.W. (1985). The Use of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.??Fine T.& Turner J.W. (1987).The Effect of flotation REST on EMG Biofeedback and Plasma Cortisol. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.148-155. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Francis W.D. & Stanley J.M. (1985). The Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation on Physiological and Cognitive Indices. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.40-49. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Malowitz R., Tortora T. & Lehmann C.A. (1990). Effects of Floating in a Saturated Epsom Salts Solution Disinfected with Bromine on the Aerobic Microbial Flora of the Skin. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.139-150. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Ruzyla-Smith P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST on the Immune Response: T-Cells, B-Cells, Helper and Suppressor Cells. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 223-238. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Steel G. (1993). Relaxed and Alert:Patterns of T-Wave Amplitude and Heart Rate in a REST Environment. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 249-260. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (1985).Hormonal Changes Associated with Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy.First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.17-39. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Influences Plasma Cortisol Levels and Their Variability. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.71-78. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Turner J. Jr. & Fine T.H. (1993). The Physiological Effects of Flotation REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 215-222. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Turner J.W. Jr., Fine T. & Hamad N.M. (1997). Plasma Catecholamine Activity During Flotation REST.6th International REST Conference.San Francisco* Turner J. Jr., Gerard W., Hyland J., Nieland P. & Fine T. (1993). Effects of Wet and Dry Flotation REST on Blood Pressure and Plasma Cortisol. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 239-248. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Turner J., Fine T.H., McGrady A. & Higgins J.T. (1987). Effects of Biobehaviorally Assisted Relaxation Training on Blood Pressure and Hormone Levels and Their Variation in Normotensives and Essential Hypertansives. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.87-109. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications. Turner J. Jr., Shroeder H. & Fine T.H. (1993). A Method for Continuous Blood Sampling During Flotation REST. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 261-267. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Other REST Literature

Barabasz A.F. & Barabasz M. (eds.) (1993).
Clinical and ExperimentalRestricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. (Based on the 4th International Conference on REST) New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1983). First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1985). 2nd International Conference on REST. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1990).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. (Based on the 3rd International Conference on REST). Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Suedfeld P. & Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (eds.). (1990).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Theoretical and Empirical Developments in Flotation REST New York : Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Medical College of Ohio Rheumatoid arthritics (RA)

Medical College of Ohio Rheumatoid arthritics (RA) is a painful debilitating disease involving synovial lined joints effecting millions worldwide.
Currently treatment is pharmacological and expensive. The etiology is unknown but one cause may be a defective hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in abnormal cortisol levels. Additionally since psychophysiological changes which occur during relaxation are often opposite of responses to various disease states of RA, it is likely that relaxation training can benefit RA patients.
This study examined the effects of two specific relaxation technologies on cortisol in RA, autogenic training (AT) (n=7) and floatation REST (n=7).
The former is psychophysiological self-control therapy. The latter is a potent mediator of relaxation. Previous REST studies demonstrated decreased levels and variability in cortisol. Serum levels of cortisol were measured using RIA. No significant differences in cortisol across, between groups, or in a time-group interaction occurred.
John W. Turner, Jr., Ph.D., Dept. of Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Medical College of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43699

Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy on Cortisol, Pain and Indices of Inflammation In Rheumatoid Arthritics
Thomas H. Fine, MA, Betsy McCormick, BA, Dore Shefransky, DO, and J.W. Turner, PhD. Medical College of Ohio, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Physiology. This proposal examines specific effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) and Autogenic Training (AT) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a chronic, painful and debilitating disease which effects millions worldwide. The proposed study examined the effects of AT or REST and AT on RA-related measures in rheumatoid arthritics. All sessions are 40 minutes. One group received AT while a second group received AT+REST. In this study individuals were monitored for changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), Plasma Cortisol, and reported pain. Measurements were made at baseline, during treatment and post treatment follow up. No significant differences were found between groups or across sessions for cortisol, CRP, or ESR. Pain measurements showed a significantly greater decrease across sessions in the REST + AT group than in the AT group. The study supports the use of REST as an intervention for RA related pain. The mechanism of this effect remains unclear.
Effects of Six Hours of Lighted and Light-Free Dry Floatation Restricted Environmental Stimulation (Rest) on Changes In Absorption and Mood State
Tim Justice, Arreed Barabasz, and Mike Trevisan ?Washington State University, Pullman, WA. This study investigated the effects of dry flotation Restricted Environmental Stimulation (REST) on transient mood states as measured by the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and on absorption as measured by the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS). Thirty subjects were assigned to either a lighted REST condition (N=10), a light-free REST condition or a no treatment control condition (N=10). Experimental participants floated supine on a salt water filled bladder using dry flotation REST (Relaxation Dynamics, Boulder, CO) for six hours. Participants in the lighted REST condition wore Ganzfeld goggles while participants in the light free REST condition wore a sleeping mask. Pre-to post REST and 2 week follow-up results showed that participants exposed to dry flotation REST in the lighted condition had a significant decrease in absorption. No significant changes were found for participants in the light free REST or control condition. Participants in the light free condition reported a decrease in anger pre to post REST.
Effects of Dry Flotation Rest on Hypnotizability, Eeg and Skin Conductance In Lighted and Unlighted Conditions
Marianne Barabasz, Arreed Barabasz, Jennifer Darakjy-Jaeger, Timothy Justice, Katherine Anderson, Mike Trevisan Washington State University Pullman, WA. The effects of dry flotation restricted environmental stimulation (REST) on hypnotizability, EEG and skin conductance were tested in lighted and light free conditions. Washington State University community volunteers (N=30, ages 18-30) were assigned to lighted (N=10) REST, unlighted (N=10) REST or control (N=10) conditions after participation in hypnosis maximizing (plateauing) experiences (a minimum of 12 inductions prior to the experiment). The Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS:C) (Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962) was administered prior to the experimental or control condition, after the 6 hour exposure to the condition and at a two-week follow-up. EEG and skin conductance level (SCL) data were collected during REST. Participants exposed to both lighted and unlighted dry flotation REST significantly improved their SHSS:C scores from pre to post and from pre to follow-up confirming Barabasz's (1982) theory of REST responding. Lighted and unlighted REST participants produced significantly higher SHSS:C scores at both posttest and follow-up than participants exposed to the Control procedures. The unlighted group showed significantly higher SHSS:C scores than the unlighted REST group. Consistent with Barabasz (1982), EEG alpha densities showed a U shaped curve while SCL responses showed an inverted U curve during REST. Consistent with Suedfeld (1980), these data support an arousal adaptation response to REST.
Effects of Rest and Natural Environment Videos on Recovery From Induced Stress?
Daneil Christensen and Marianne Barabasz Washington State University. This investigation tested the effects of dry flotation REST and videos of Unthreatening Natural Environment (UNE) scenes on recovery from general stress and induced stress. Hypnotizability was considered as a moderator variable. High and low hypnotizable subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) REST/UNE (N=8 Highs; 8 Lows), 2) REST only (N=8 Highs; 8 Lows), 3) UNE only (N=8 Highs, 8 Lows) and, 4) No treatment control (N=8 Highs; 8 Lows). A 10 minute videiotape of woodworking accidents was used for standardized stress induction. Participants spent 50 minutes in their assigned conditions. Stress arousal was measured using the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Tension-Anxiety (T-A) subscale of the Profile of Mood States (POMS), skin conductance level (SCL) and peripheral skin temperature (PST). Physiological findings showed that the two REST groups demonstrated lower arousal (p .05) as measured by SCL during the recovery period than the UNE Only and No-Treatment control groups. The addition of the UNE videotape in the REST/UNE group did not add additional benefits. The three treatment groups demonstrated lower self-reported anxiety (SUDS ratings) over the course of the experiment than the No-Treatment control group. Hypnotizability was unrelated to stress recovery or imaginitive involvement experiences. The SCL findings add to the growing body of data demonstrating the efficacy of REST in reducing physiological arousal. This is the first study to use a standardized stress induction stimulus. SCL measures demonstrated that REST is effective in recovery from induced stress and further reduction of stress over time. The expected beneficial effect of exposure to UNE scenes was not supported.
The Effects of Dry Flotation Rest on Marksmanship Performance: More Data
Arreed Barabasz, Marianne Barabasz, Dennis Warner and James Bauman Washington State University?Pullman, WA. This research used dry flotation REST (Relaxation Dynamics, Boulder, CO) and controlled for relaxation and guided imagery confounds present in previous research on REST enhancement of performance. In phase one, ten students enrolled in a University marksmanship class who were exposed to one hour of REST showed significantly higher accuracy scores than 10 matched classmate controls who were exposed only to one hour of relaxation training. In phase two, Bauman (1995) employed 48 university marksmanship students to compare the effects of wet flotation REST, dry flotation REST, relaxation training and control conditions. Treatment participants were exposed to one 50 minute session per week for two weeks. All participants received the same instruction in marksmanship and fired the same number of practice shots. The dry flotation REST group performed significantly better at follow-up than the marksmanship practice only control group.
Rest Effects on Human Performance?
Marianne Barabasz and Arreed Barabasz ?Washington State University Pullman, WA This comprehensive review of over twenty experimentally controlled studies begins by placing sensory deprivation research and Professor Peter Suedfeld's introduction of the term REST into historical perspective. Next, a brief theoretical basis of REST effects on human performance is described. Non-sports related research on REST effects are reviewed including complex problem solving, scientific creativity, mood states, complex psycho-motor tasks, instrument flight crew performance, signal detection, learning of chemistry and piano performance. Sports performance research includes studies involving both recreational and professional player, includes gymnastics, basketball, tennis, skiing, rifle marksmanship and darts. The research show increasing levels of sophistication and controls while demonstrating both the effectiveness and limitations of chamber, dry flotation and wet flotation REST. It is striking to note that comparability of results despite the involvement of dozens of different researchers testing REST in a wide variety of human performance tasks.
Effects of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and Rest on Social Anxiety
Patrick O'Toole and Marianne Barabasz Washington State University Pullman, WA. The effects of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) message and REST plus the REBT message presentation on the reduction of social anxiety was tested. Because hypnotizability has been shown to be enhanced following six hours of chamber REST (A. Barabasz, 1982), it was examined as a moderator variable for both REST and REBT. Irrational beliefs were measured using the Irrational Beliefs Test (IBT). Social anxiety was measured using the Interaction Anxiousness Scale, the Shyness Scale and a behavioral measure of individual participant's personal sense of anxiety. Participants were matched on standardized hypnotizability scores and then distributed among treatment groups to ensure that each group was equivalent. Participants were assigned to 1) REST plus REBT-derived message, 2) REBT therapy only 3) REST only or 4) a no treatment control. Following the initial series of assessments, participants spent 6 hours in the assigned condition. Both within and between group comparisons were conducted on pre-, post- and one month follow-up test scores. Post-experimental hypnotizability testing, and inquiry of general experience and imaginative involvement were conducted to check for changes in hypnotizability levels, content and adherence to treatment protocol. The results will be discussed.
Enhancing Rowing Ergometer Performance through Flotation Rest
Sean Richardson University of British Columbia. The examination of the effectiveness of flotation Restricted Environmental Stimulation technique (REST) as a performance enhancement tool in sport has produced positive results. However, previous studies using flotation REST to enhance gross motor performance combined the technique with imaginal practice, confounding the effect that REST-only might have on performance. Although more recent studies have examined the effects of flotation REST-only on athletic performance, they have only looked at fine motor activity. This study tested the effects of flotation REST-only on rowing ergometer performance, a gross motor activity. Furthermore, this study attempted to ascertain, through carefully constructed questionnaires, the reasons why athletes might or might not benefit from including a period of flotation REST in their training regime. Subjects (n=40) were a group of male and female, novice and varsity university rowers. Subjects were matched based on previous ergometer competition scores and then randomly assigned to either a flotation REST condition or chamber/relaxation control condition. All groups were exposed to two administrations of either one of the conditions and were pre- and post-tested on a 1000 meter rowing ergometer trial; difference scores were compared. The study also coincided with intra-team ergometer competitions, allowing the experimenter to compare scores form a source external to the study. The results are discussed in terms of which sports might benefit form flotation REST and under what conditions it may best be applied.
Altered States: From Fiction To Fact: Introducing the Altered Waking States Induction Method
Richard Bonk, M.Ed. Wellness Center Etc., Inc.. Although REST has been the subject of a multitude of research studies and has been shown to be useful in clinical applications much of the public's awareness of the floatation experience stems from the movie Altered States. And, it is often in the hope of producing unique, stimulating and consciousness altering states that many people decide to float. For many individuals, floating becomes a "done that, " once in a lifetime experience when they emerge from the Epsom salt waters relaxed though certainly not significantly "altered." However, many regular floaters often experience heightened states of awareness and unusual mental phenomena. In an effort to examine these unique states in a controlled setting it was important to develop a technique in which these ephemeral states could be reliably and regularly facilitated. Following is the 1) an introduction to the Alternate Waking States Induction Method (AWSIM), a technique which has proven effective in the engendering of "altered" states of consciousness in individuals while floating, 2) initial findings of AWSIM research, 3) a brief overview of significant phenomena observed with reference to categorization thereof, 4) implications and possible applications, and 5) suggestions for further research.
Auditory Signal Detection In Various Levels of Restricted Environmental Stimulation
David Eichorn: University of British Columbia. This study was designed to measure how various degrees of reduced stimulation (REST) influence the detection of a tone presented in noise. Six groups of subjects experienced three degrees of reduced stimulation in two different environments, a typical REST chamber and a flotation tank. The three degrees of reduced stimulation were silence, music, and recorded text. Light was also present in the conditions with auditory stimulation. The groups comprise a continuum of stimulation including a near-complete lack of stimulation (flotation REST), condition with visual and auditory stimulation encourages cognitive (central) stimulation (chamber with lights on and recorded text that must later be paraphrased). The detection task was presented to subjects once during the first ten minutes and again during the last ten minutes of a one hour and twenty minute period spent in one of the REST conditions. The results highlight the importance of considering the type of stimulation being reduced in all REST experiments and the value of using a well-established cognitive measure to track the effects of REST.
A Comparative Physiological and Psychometric Assessment of Rest Flotation, Progressive Relaxation, and Light-Sound Stimulation Relaxation Training
Ernesto A. Randolfi, Ph.D. Subjects (n=63) were randomly assigned to three methods of relaxation training (restricted environmental stimulation technique (REST) flotation, progressive relaxation, and light-sound stimulation), or a control group to assess the effects of periodic exposure to relaxation. All subjects were scheduled for 45 minutes sessions three times a week for three weeks. Pre and post measurements included serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, blood pressure, and self reported measures of anxiety, depression, and physical stress symptoms. No significant differences (p .05) were found on analysis of covariance for group means of post test scores when pretests were used as the covariate. Significant (p .05) reductions in pre to post anxiety scores were found for three treatment groups using a paired t-test, but not the control group. Both the REST flotation group and the progressive relaxation group demonstrated significantly lower depression scores, and the flotation group reduced physical symptoms of stress. Subjects with pre-test cholesterol levels above 180 mm/dl were selected for additional analysis, those in the REST flotation group (n=10) significantly lowered total cholesterol (p=.042) and LDL (p=.034) levels by a mean of 18.5 mm/dl and 14.3 mm/dl respectively.
The Benefits of Flotation Rest Restricted Environmental Stimulation (Therapy) In a Pain Management Program
Roderick A. Borrie, Ph.D.?South Oaks Hospital, Amityville, NY. A pain management program that incorporates regular flotation REST is described with emphasis on the rationale for flotations use. Results from 57 patients receiving 354 flotation REST sessions as part of stress management and pain management programs will be presented in the form of PANAS scores, pain, tension and relaxation ratings from before and after each session. Case reports demonstrating the therapeutic use of flotation with a variety of physical problems will be presented with a discussion of specific benefits resulting from flotation. The problems of using flotation in a health care setting will also be discussed.
Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (Rest) on Serological Markers of Inflammation In Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Doré R. Shefransky, A. Betsy McCormick, Thomas H. Fine and John W. Turner, Jr. Medical College of Ohio Toledo, Ohio. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory multisystem connective tissue disorder. Relaxation therapy is beneficial in a variety of rheumatoid diseases. This study explores the effect of REST on inflammation with previously diagnosed RA measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Fourteen volunteers in RA participated in a controlled clinical trial; half underwent flotation REST with a taped message while controls underwent autogenic relaxation with the same message in a reclining chair. ESR and CRP were measured pre, post, and during treatment. The mean ESR decreased in the REST group and slightly increased in the autogenic control group. Neither change was significant (p .05, t-test). CRP values changed little in either group across study. Individual REST subjects were consistent in exhibiting decreased ESR across the study, suggesting a potentially significant effect of REST, masked in this study by a small group size. The preliminary results encourage further investigation. Funded by Medical College of Ohio.
Treatment of Psychosomatic Illness through Mental Training and Floatation In Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths??
Dr. Schurbruck, M.D., Dr. Bergman, M.D. Juergen Tapprich ??Problem: Treatment of psoriasis, a psychosomatic illness that presents in 2% of the general population. Subject: 56 year old female presented in July, 1996 with chronic psoriasis (documented since 1987). Method: Combined use of oxygenated, magnesium sulfate saturated isolation tank bath and psychological training such as meditation techniques, visualization, and self-image reconfiguration. Patient participated in ten weekly sessions during which she was given training in the above, floated for an hour, and underwent 5-10 minutes of ultraviolet light therapy. Results: After three sessions, patient reported feeling significantly better. After 8 sessions, patient was free of visible manifestation of psoriasis. After 10 sessions, patient reported feelings of general well-being and absence of skin disturbance. She expressed interest in a six month follow-up session. Discussion: The positive results offer hope for the psychosomatic patient. In the past, patients have had to travel to varied geographic locations (e.g. The Dead Sea) for salt-saturated bathing. The favorable combination of psychological training and physiological treatment has not to our knowledge been documented. We believe the effects of the use of chemical-free, salt-saturated oxygenated baths, auditory stimulation in sensory isolation, kinesthetic feedback (gravity reduced environment) and ultraviolet therapy have a synergistic effect offering relief from and control of this debilitating disease.
Listening To Binaural Beats To Enhance the Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy
F. Holmes Atwater Research Director, The Monroe Institute. Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) offers both physiological benefits and access to propitious states of consciousness. Listening to binaural beats in a REST-like environment gives rise to an EEG frequency-following response (FFR) which theoretically may enhance these effects or engender similar psychophysiological state changes. A critical point, however, is that a FFR to binaural beats in archetypal brain-wave frequencies has not been comprehensively demonstrated using apropos evoked-potential EEG protocols. A study was designed t determine if a 7 Hz (theta) binaural beat would engender a 7 Hz FFR and if a 16 Hz (beta) binaural beat would engender a 16 Hz FFR. This study used a REST-like environment and multiple-subject trials designed to objectively verify a FFR to theta and beta binaural-beat stimuli with an appropriate evoked-potential protocol. Significant increases in 7 Hz (p= .001) and 16 Hz (p=.007) EEG amplitudes during binaural-beat stimuli periods provided evidence of a FFR to the binaural-beat stimuli. Binaural beats appear to influence consciousness by providing FFR information to the brainstem's reticular activating system (RAS). The RAS regulates arousal states, attentional focus, and levels of awareness by stimulating the thalamus and cortex. The FFR information includes the character, quality and traits of consciousness represented by the wave pattern of the stimulus binaural beats.
Rest as a Capsule Experience: Implications for Future Research
G. Daniel Steele Human and Leisure Sciences Lincoln University New Zealand. This paper examines the features of exotic, enclosed environments, using catalogues suggested by Sells (1973), Harrison and Connors (1984), and Suedfeld (1986). From the work of these and other researchers, three general dimensions relating to stationary capsule environments are derived: crew characteristics, physical space, and time factors. These dimensions are discussed in light of their applicability to REST environments, with special consideration being given to the REST experience as a significant marker event.
Eeg and Subjective Correlates of Alpha Frequency Binaural Beats Stimulation Combined with Alpha Biofeedback
Dale S. Foster, Ph.D. Harding University, Graduate School of Religion. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of alpha frequency binaural beats stimulation combined with alpha biofeedback on alpha frequency brain wave production and subjective experience of mental and physical relaxation. The study compared the alpha production and subjective report of four groups, each of which received brief relaxation response training and one of four treatments: 1) alpha frequency binaural beats stimulation, 2) visual alpha frequency brain wave biofeedback, 3) alpha frequency binaural beats stimulation combined with visual alpha biofeedback, or 4) artificially produced ocean surf sounds. Sixty volunteer undergraduate and graduate students were randomly assigned to the four groups and instructed to utilize their respective treatment as the "mental device" in Benson's relaxation response paradigm while they relaxed with eyes open for twenty minutes. Two 2 X 4 mixed ANOVAs revealed that all groups evidenced increased subjective report of relaxation and increased alpha production. An interaction effect was found in which the group with both alpha binaural beats and alpha biofeedback produced more treatment alpha than the group with alpha biofeedback alone. Additionally, nine of the fifteen subjects with both binaural beats and feedback reported being able to control alpha production via their focus on the alpha binaural beats. The data suggest the possibility that binaural beats can be used to enhance awareness of and control of specific cortical potentials. Implications for combining brainwave biofeedback, frequency-following-response techniques and Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) to promote the self-regulation and management of consciousness are discussed.

The Effects of Flotation Rest on Musical Creativity

Oshin A. Vartanian University of British Columbia
This paper describes the experiment (Experiment 2) that was conducted following the one (Experiment 1) presented at the 1993 conference in Seattle.
Experiment 1 found that after floating for 1 hr./week for 4 consecutive weeks, 14 post-secondary music majors were rated as showing significantly more improvement than a control group in concentration, but not in focus nor technical skill.
The current experiment investigated the effects of an identical regimen of flotation REST on musical creativity in 24 post- secondary jazz improvisation students through changes
The current experiment investigated the effects of an identical regimen of flotation REST on musical creativity in 24 post- secondary jazz improvisation students through changes in improvisation, creativity, expressiveness, technical skill and overall quality. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control group on any of the measures taken, but the experimental group did significantly better on final jazz improvisation grades. Explanations are provided as to why the effect detected in final jazz improvisation grades was absent in improvisation measured through performance, and the results are discussed in the context of the Budzynski hypothesis. There were the first studies to assess the skill-enhancing effects of flotation REST on the performance of advanced musicians.

Flotation REST in Applied Psychophysiology

Thomas H. Fine, M.A. and Roderick Borrie, Ph.D.
Thomas H. Fine is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry of the Medical College of Ohio.
He began his research and clinical work with Biofeedback in 1975, and, with John Turner, initiated the Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy research program at MCO in 1978.
Roderick A Borrie, Ph.D. is a Clinical Psychologist at South Oaks Hospital,
Amityville, New York. He began his exploration of therapeutic uses of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy at the University of British Columbia with Dr. Peter Suedfeld, and continues to use it in current work with patients suffering chronic pain and illness.

Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) has fascinated
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) has fascinated many researchers, clinicians, and explorers of consciousness, promising something special – a powerful transformation, a mystical peak experience, an intense change in biochemicals, improved performance, or a healing of our ills. Beyond the fascination, Flotation REST has established itself as a unique method in the field of applied psychophysiology. Flotation REST has proven to be a technique with predictable psychophysiological effects and powerful clinical and performance applications. This article will provide the reader with an introduction to the basic research into Flotation REST's psychophysiological effects, and a brief overview of the clinical and performance applications currently in use by REST clinicians and researchers. The article will examine in greater detail the use of Flotation REST as an intervention for chronic pain.
REST is an acronym for Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique
A name developed in the late 1970s by Peter Suedfeld and Roderick Borrie for a technique that had previously been called Sensory Deprivation (SD) or Sensory Isolation. Since much of the early SD research had been misinterpreted, especially by writers of introductory psychology texts, a widely accepted myth developed that SD environments were highly stressful, even models for producing psychotic like experiences. This led to difficulties with the Sensory Deprivation concept. Ultimately Suedfeld and Borrie proposed that, since the process involves restricting the environmental stimulation that the patient or subject experiences, REST would be a more accurate and less provocative acronym.
Flotation REST is a special type of REST popularized by John C. Lilly, M.D. Lilly
Flotation REST is a special type of REST popularized by John C. Lilly, M.D. Lilly developed an immersion system in the late 1950s at that was used in early SD experiments. In the 1960s he developed a flotation system in which a person floats in a light free, sound reduced chamber in a highly concentrated solution of Epsom Salt and water maintained at a constant temperature of 9,4.5 F (Lilly, 1977, p. 118).
Both Wet and Dry REST systems have been utilized in research and practice.
Wet-REST systems utilize flotation in salt water, and Dry-REST systems utilize a modified REST environment in which a pliable 15 mm. polymer membrane separated the floater from the fluid (Turner, Gerard, Hyland, Neilands, & Fine, 1993).
At the Medical College of Ohio, John Turner and I conducted a series of studies investigating the psychophysiological effects of brief sessions of Flotation REST.
The REST environment used in all of these studies was a plastic or fiberglass chamber, approximately 1.1 m. x 1.3 m. x 2.5 m. filled to a 25 cm. depth with saturated epsom salts (Mg SO) solution having a specific gravity of 1.28 and temperature maintained at 34.5 C. The chamber was light-free and the sound level was less than 10 decibels, with further attenuation due to submersion of the ears in the solution. The general protocol consisted of 30-40 minute sessions repeated approximately every third day with a total number ranging from 4 to 20 sessions per study.
The first parameter we addressed was the subjective report of the REST experience.
We utilized several indices of subjective reports including the Spielberger state anxiety scale, Zuckerman multiple affect adjective checklist (Turner & Fine, 1990a), profile of mood states (POMS) (Turner, Fine, Ewy, Sershon, & Frelich, 1989), and subjective rating scales of emotion and relaxation. All of the initial studies found marked pre-post and across-session changes indicating relaxation, an increase in positive emotion and a decrease in negative emotions. In addition, an analysis of well over 1,000 descriptions of the REST experience indicated that more than 90% of subjects found REST deeply relaxing.

Psychophysiological Effects of Flotation Rest

In choosing physiological parameters of the REST effect on relaxation
We examined the basic physiological and biochemical hormonal changes associated with stress responding. Physiological parameters measured included blood pressure (BP), muscle tension (EMG), and heart rate (HR). Hormonal parameters included both adrenal axis hormones such as ACTH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol and aldosterone, and hormones not mediating stress responding (luteinizing hormone and testosterone). Both within and across-session decreases have been observed in various hormones. Hormones directly associated with the stress response. Cortisol, ACTH and epinephrine showed decreases during REST sessions, whereas luteinizing hormone, which is not associated with the stress response, showed no change (Turner & Fine 1983). Likewise, across-session decreases were observed in adrenal-associated hormones (cortisol, aldosterone, renin activity), while a hormone unrelated to stress response (testosterone) did not shown across-session changes (Turner & Fine, 1990a). In a separate study, we examined the across-session effect on both mean cortisol values and their variability, observing a decrease in both parameters (Turner and Fine, 1991). This suggests the possibility of a resetting of the regulatory mechanism of cortisol across sessions. Furthermore, cortisol, which has received more attention than the other hormones, and Blood Pressure, have been shown to maintain the REST effect after cessation of repeated REST sessions (Turner & Fine, 1983). This phenomenon suggests that the REST effect may be more than a simple, immediately reversible response.
Interestingly, in comparing hormonal and BP changes in REST with these changes in another relaxation condition (biofeedback),
REST consistently showed greater hormonal effects but similar BP effects to biofeedback assisted relaxation (McGrady, Turner, Fine, & Higgins. 1987). These results led us to consider that REST affects different mechanisms than the biofeedback (since it affected cortisol levels when other methods did not) or was simply more powerful (i.e. REST reached the threshold for cortisol change but biofeedback did not).

Clinical Applications of Flotation REST

These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that Flotation REST serves as a powerful relaxation inducer and has clinical potential in working with patients who have stress-related disorder
There have been several clinical studies that have employed REST as a treatment. The disorders treated include essential hypertension, muscle tension headache, anxiety disorders, chronic pain, psychophysiological insomnia, PMS, and rheumatoid arthritis (Fine and Turner, 1985; Rzewnicki, Alistair, Wallbaum, Steel, Suedfeld, 1990; Fine and Tumer, 1985; Goldstein and Jessen, 1990; Turner, DeLeon, Gibson, & Fine, 1993). The treatment paradigms used in these studies were similar, with REST serving as the primary method of relaxation induction and training. All of these studies demonstrated positive results from the use of REST. One of the unique effects of REST demonstrated in these studies was that chronic pain patients frequently experienced an absence of all pain during flotation, and that this spontaneous anesthesia could remain for up to several hours after the session. Unfortunately, as with many bio-behavioral treatment approaches, the large scale controlled trials have yet to be undertaken.

Flotation REST and Performance Enhancement

A separate, exciting area is the use of Flotation REST in the enhancement of human performance.
Several studies, carried out primarily in the research programs of Peter Suedfeld at the University of British Columbia and Arreed Barabasz at Washington State University, have demonstrated enhancement of scientific creativity, instrument flight performance, and piano performance. Several studies of sports performance have had positive results including studies of basketball, tennis, skiing, rifle marksmanship, and dart throwing. In several of the studies the Flotation REST condition was varied with relaxation, or imagery training and always had a more powerful effect. Often, Flotation REST was used with imagery or without imagery, and no difference was, found. Flotation REST, either wet or dry, was sufficiently powerful to affect a change in performance. Barabasz suggests that because REST potentiates imagery while disrupting over learned psychological processes, the technique is especially suited not only for the acquisition of new im- proved skills but the unlearning of less adaptive ones.

Flotation Rest and Pain Management

An in depth examination of the role of Flotation REST in the management of pain can provide us with a clear picture of the psychophysiological nature of the treatment.
Pain programs are generally used as a last referral resort for patients whose intractable pain has not responded to the traditional medical treatments. Biobehaviorally based pain management utilizes counseling and behavioral medicine techniques such as relaxation training, meditation. biofeedback, guided imagery, and self-hypnosis. The goals of such treatment are the development of pain avoidance skills, the establishment of routines for optimal fitness within the limitations of a disability, the reduction or elimination of pain, when possible, and/or the patients acceptance of some level of pain.
Flotation REST can have an important role at several stages of the pain management process.
By reducing both muscle tension and pain in a relatively short time and without effort on the part of the patient, flotation provides a dramatic demonstration of the benefits of relaxation. Relief is immediate and, although temporary, offers promise of further relief from REST and other relaxation-based strategies. Symptom reduction gained from flotation can increase a patient's motivation and interest in the remainder of the therapy plan. Pain patients generally come into treatment feeling suspicious and skeptical, requiring a clear demonstration that they can be helped. Flotation can be the vehicle for that demonstration.
The relaxation following flotation can be used to facilitate relaxation training.
In the treatment reported here, training in relaxation and other psychological pain control strategies occurred during the flotation REST sessions as well as in counseling sessions. Specially prepared audio programs introduced patients to breathing techniques, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, guided imagery and hypnotic suggestions for pain reduction while they floated. Training and practice in those same techniques followed in counseling sessions and at home.
The most common etiologies of pain in this group of patients were from motor vehicle accidents, work accidents, or chronic illness.
Most had endured their pain for longer than six months and had also suffered various levels of anxiety, anger, and depression. These emotional problems must be considered in the treatment of chronic pain patients. The first data are pre-post pain ratings from 16 patients who floated from one to 16 flotation sessions. Each patient reported on up to four body areas, providing a total of 253 pre-post, measures. The average percentage of relief, as measured in decrease from the pre-session value, was 31.3% for all sessions and all measures. To determine whether flotation REST provides more pain relief to some parts of the body as opposed to others, these measurements were examined by body area. Pain reduction in most body areas was close to the overall mean of 31%, except the upper back, which showed a 63.6% pain reduction, the arms which showed a 48.2% reduction, and the legs, which showed a 15.3% pain reduction. The duration of relief varied from two hours to seven days.
A second set of data came from a survey mailed to patients who had completed the program.
The questionnaire asked patients to assess how much pain relief they received from the various components of the pain program (Flotation, relaxation training, and counseling) and from other treatments they had received medication (pills and shots), physical therapy, chiropractic, and surgery. Short-term pain relief, long-term pain relief, relief from anxiety or stress, and relief from depression were indicated separately. Additionally, they were asked whether each treatment improved their outlook and/or helped them cope with their pain.
All 27 respondents had received treatments other than those from this pain program
All 27 respondents had received treatments other than those from this pain program: 81% had used pain medications; 56% had had some form of pain injections; 70% had received physical therapy; 59% had received chiropractic treatment; 22% had undergone surgery. These patients reported more short-term and long-term pain relief from flotation than from the other therapeutic modalities.
For non-pain symptoms, the comparisons were even more striking.
Patients reported far more relief from anxiety and stress from flotation than any other modality. For depression, flotation was equal to counseling at near 70%, with relaxation training at 53% and physical therapy and medication at 20%. Patients also claimed to have reaped a variety of other benefits from flotation, reporting improvements in sleep (65%), mental concentration (77%), energy (46%), interpersonal relationships (54%), ability to work (35%), ability to cope with pain (88%), ability to cope with stress (92%), and feelings of well-being (65%) resulting from flotation REST.
In answering the question, "Did this treatment improve your outlook toward your pain?"
96% responded positively for flotation, 100% for counseling, 100% for relaxation training, 50% for physical therapy, 24% for pain pills, 17% for pain shots, 15% for chiropractic. To the question, "Did this treatment help you cope effectively with your pain?" 96% responded positively for flotation, 92% for both relaxation training and counseling, 50% for pain shots, 44% for pain injections, 38% for physical therapy, and 17% for chiropractic. It is clear that flotation was rated on average as more effective than other treatments with respect to pain, anxiety and depression relief.

Flotation REST and Chronic Illness

Summing up thus far, the data are supportive of flotation REST being useful in pain reduction, stress and tension abatement, and mood enhancement.
Besides chronic pain, other patients treated at our facility were those with chronic physical illnesses, those with cancer, those with trauma to the nervous system, those with depression or bipolar mood disorder. anxiety disorders, and those suffering overwhelming stress.
Uniquely, Flotation REST provides an effortless introduction to deep mental and physical relaxation.
The majority of our chronic illness patients suffered from autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, and Reiters syndrome. For these patients, discovering relaxation meant a dramatic reduction in symptoms, such as joint pain, headache, fatigue and depression. Several patients with lupus reported that regular flotation permitted them to reduce their dosage of prednisone while experiencing less frequency and severity of symptoms. Two patients with scleroderma reported relief from flotation. One reported relief from pain and stiffness that lasted almost a week after her third flotation session. As this patient continued she also experienced relief from her depression about the illness, a dramatic reduction in her use of steroids and other medications, a reduction in joint pain and swelling, and less frequent heartburn and headaches. After a three month course of treatment with flotation and counseling she was able to return to her job.

Flotation REST and Depression

When depression is in reaction to the circumstances of a physical injury or illness
Flotation REST can produce an immediate elevation in mood, probably due to the mood enhancing effects of deep relaxation as well as the optimism that occurs with the experience of physical relief. When depression is the primary diagnosis, flotation is best used as an adjunct to counseling and then only after the patient has gained a modicum of feeling in control. Caution is necessary in administering REST with depressed patients due to the often obsessive nature of negative thinking that will continue during the REST session. Once these patients have developed a better understanding of their disorder, flotation REST can be a mood elevator that speeds the course of therapy, especially when combined with positive guided imagery during the sessions.

REST and Applied Psychophysiology

The REST environment can be viewed, from a biofeedback perspective
The REST environment can be viewed, from a biofeedback perspective, as a system that enhances the connection between consciousness and physiology by reducing external information rather than amplifying internal information. We describe biofeedback as a process of amplifying and displaying information about processes that we normally do not attend to or are unable to discriminate from the wealth of informational noise always present. REST reduces environmental noise, and in a flotation environment one is able to be aware of all sorts of physiological information, (i.e. muscle tension, heart rate, etc.) that we are often not aware of in normal quiet environments.
REST is an ideal environment for the acquisition of biofeedback based learning.
REST is an ideal environment for the acquisition of biofeedback based learning. Many years ago Lloyd and Shurley published a paper demonstrating its effect on the acquisition of single motor unit control. Acquisition of single motor unit control was superior in the REST chamber (Lloyd & Shurley, 1976). Our investigations found the same advantage with heart rate control. Similarly Dry-REST environments might be exceptional environments for neurofeedback training. While we have learned much about REST in the last twenty years, its potential in applied psychophysiology has barely been exploited. In this age of cyberspeak, we might begin to think of expanding the clinical bandwidth of applied psychophysiology by taking another look at REST.
Fine, T.H., & Turner, J.W., Jr. (1983). The Use of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension, First International Conference on REST and Self-Regul
Fine, T.H. & Turner, J.W., Jr. (1985). Rest-assisted relaxation and chronic pain. Health and Clinical Psychology, 4, 511-518.
Goldstein, D.D. & Jessen, W.E. (1987). Flotation Effect on Premenstrual Syndrome. Restricted Environmenntal Stimulation: Research and Commentary, 260-273.
Lilly, J.C. (1977). The deep self. New York: Simon & Schuster.
McGrady, A.V. Turner, J.W. Jr. Fine, T.H. & Higgins, J.T. (1987).
Effects of biobehaviorally-assisted relaxation training on blood pressure, plasma renin, cortisol, and aldosterone levels in borderline essential hypertension. Clinical Biofeedback & Health, 10 (1), 16-25.
Rzewnicki, R. Alistair, B.C. Wallbaum, Steel, H. & Suedfeld, P, (1990).
REST for muscle contraction headaches: A comparison of two REST environments combined with progressive muscle relaxation training. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary, 245-254.
Turner, J.W. Jr. DeLeon, A. Gibson, C. & Fine, T. (1993).
Effects of Flotation REST on range of motion, grip strength and pain in rheumatoid arthritics. In A. Barabasz & M, Barabasz (Ed.), Clinical and experimental restricted environmental stimulation (pp. 297- 336). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Turner, J.W. Jr. Fine, T.H. (1983).
Effects of relaxation associated with brief restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) on plasma cortisol, ACTH, and LH. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 9, 115-126.
Turner, J.W. Jr. & Fine, T.H. (1990a).
Hormonal changes associated with restricted environmental stimulation therapy. In P. Suedfeld, J. Turner, & T. Fine (Eds.), Restricted environmental stimulation theoretical and empirical development in flotation REST (pp. 71-92). New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Turner, J.W. Jr. & Fine, T.H. (1991). Restricting environmental stimulation influences variability and levels of plasma cortisol. Journal of Applied Physiology, 70 (5), 2010-2013.
Turner, J.W. Jr. Fine, T. Ewy, G. Sershon, P. & Frelich, T. (1989).
The presence or absence of light during flotation restricted environmental stimulation: Effects on plasma cortisol, blood pressure and mood. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 14, 291-300.
Turner, J.W. Jr. Gerard, W. Hyland, J. Neilands, P. & Fine, T.H. (1993).
Effects of wet and dry flotation REST on blood pressure and plasma cortisol, In A. Barabasz & M. Barabasz (Ed,), Clinical and experimental restricted environmental stimulation (pp. 239-248). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Author's address for information

Thomas H. Fine, M.A. Department of Psychiatry Medical College of Ohio Richard D. Ruppert Health Center ?3120 Glendale Ave. Toledo, OH 43614-5809 [email protected]

Stress Management

Literature on REST Research Stress Management Barabasz A., Barabasz M., Dyer R. & Rather N. (1993).
Effects of Chamber REST, Flotation REST and Relaxation on Transient Mood State. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.113-120. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990).
The Presence or Absence of Light the REST Experience: Effects on Plasma Cortisol, Blood Pressure and Mood.Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.120-133. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Fine T. & Turner J.W. (1985).
The Use of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Helmreich N.E. (1990).
The Critical Role of Personality and Organizational Factors as Determinants of Reactions to Restricted and Stressful Environments. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.51-61. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Jacobs, Heilbronner & Stanely. (1985).
The Effects of Short Term Floatation REST on Relaxation. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.86-102. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Jacobs G.D., Kemp J.C., Keane K.M.& Belden A.D. (1985).
A Preliminary Clinical Outcome Study on a Hospital Based Stress Management Program Utilizing Flotation REST Biofeedback. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.179-185. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Kuola G. M., Kemp J., Keane K.M. & Belden A., (1984).
Replication of aClinicalOutcome Study on a Hospital-based Stress Management and Behavioral Medicine Program Utilizing Floatation REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique) and Biofeedback. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.127-135. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Treatment of Psychosomatic Illnesses
Treatment of Psychosomatic Illnesses Through Mental Training and Floatations in Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths, For Instance in the Treatment of Chronic Relapsing Skin Diseases (Psoriasis, Neurodermatitis) 6th International REST Conference, San Francisco.
Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Zur Adjuvanten Therapie Chronisch RezidivierterHauterkrankung
Dr. Schürbrock, (1996). Zur Adjuvanten Therapie Chronisch RezidivierterHauterkrankung (Psoriasis-Vulgaris, Neurodermitis) im Magnesium-Sulfat Schwebewasser-Tank in Kombination mit UV-Bestrahlung im Therapiezentrum "Haus Ebersberg".
Wickramasekera I. (1993). A Model of the Common "Active Ingredient" in Stress Reduction Techniques.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.59-74. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Sports and Athletic Performance

Baker D.A. (1990). The Use of REST in the Enhancement of Sports Performance-Tennis.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.181-187. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Bond J. (1997). "To float or not to float"… is that the question? How to maximise your use of the Sport Psychology float tanks.
cAleney P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST and Visual Imagery on Athletic Performance
Tennis. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.79-86.New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Richardson S. (1997). Enhancing Rowing Ergometer Performance Through Flotation REST. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
y J., Mahoney M.& Reppert S. (1982). REST and the Enhancement of Sports Performance
A Panel Presentation and Discussion. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.168-183. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Wagaman J. & Barabasz A. (1993). Flotation REST and Imagery in the Improvement of Collegiate Athletic Performance: Basketball.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.87-92. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Other Atkinson R. (1993). Short-Term Exposure to REST
Enhancement Performance on a Signal-Detection Task. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.93-100. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Barabasz M. & Barabasz A. (1997). REST Effects on Human Performance. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Melchiori L.G. & Barabasz A.F. (1990). Effects of Flotation REST on Simulated Instrument Flight Performance.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.196-203. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
O'Leary D.S. & Heilbronner R.L. (1985). Flotation Rest and Information Processing
A Reaction Time Study. First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.50-61. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.

Creativity Enhancement

Literature on REST Research Enhancement of Creativity Baker D.A. (1987).
The Effects of REST and Hemispheric Synchronization Compared to the Effects of REST and Guided Imagery on the Enhancement of Creativity in Problem-Solving. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.122-126. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Metcalfe J. & Suedfeld P. (1990). Enhancing the Creativity of Psychologists Through Flotation REST.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.204-212. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press. Vartarian O.A. (1997). The Effects of Flotation REST on Musical Creativity. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.

Chronic Pain and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Borrie R. (1997). The Benefits of Flotation REST (Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy) in a Pain Management Program. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
McCormick B.A., Shafransky D.R., Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. Jr. (1997). Effects of Flotation REST on Plasma Cortisol in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Mereday C., Lehmann C. & Borrie R. (1990). Flotation For The Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.255-259. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Shafransky D.R., McCormick B.A., Fine T.H. & Turner J. Jr. (1997).
Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) on Serological Markers of Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Turner J. Jr., Deleon A., Gibson C. & Fine T.H. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST on Range Motion, Grip Strength and Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 297-306. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Barabasz M. (1993). REST
A Key Facilitator in the Treatment of Eating Disorders. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.121-126. New York: Springer-VerlagNew York Inc.
Borrie R.A. (1985). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy used in Weight Reduction.
First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.144-151. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Dyer R., Barabasz A. & Barabasz M. (1993). Twenty-Four Hours of Chamber REST Produces Specific Food Aversions in Obese Females.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.127-144. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Treatment for Alcohol and Substance Abuse

Adams H. (1988).REST Arousability and the Nature of Alcohol and Substance Abuse. Journal of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5, pp. 77-81.USA.
Barabasz M., Barabasz A. & Dyer R. (1993). Chamber REST Reduces Alcohol Consumption
3, 6, 12, and 24 Hour Sessions. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.163-173. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Cooper G., Adams H.& Scott J. (1988).REST and Alcohol Consumption. Journal of substance Abuse Treatment. Vol.5, pp.59.USA.
DiRito D. (1993). Motivational Factors in Alcohol Consumption
Extending Hull's Model. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.157-162. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Smoking Cessation (Quitting Smoking)

Barabasz M. & Barabasz A. (1993). Treatment of Trichotillomania and Smoking with Hypnosis and REST.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp.145- 156. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T. & Bruno J. (1985). Floatation REST and Smoking Cessation: A preliminary Report, Health and Clinical Psychology. North Holland: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.
Ramirez C. (1985). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Techniques in Smoking Cessation in a Latin American Country.
First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.152-166. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.

Behavioral Therapy

Borrie R., Dana J., Perry S., & Friedman M. (1993). Flotation REST, Physical Therapy and Psychological Intervention in the Treatment of Physical Disabilities.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 289-296. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Cahn H.A. (1985). Sensory Isolation used with Cognition Modification Training to Restore Medically Declared Unfit Persons to Duty and Reduce Absenteeism in City of Phoenix Maintenance Workers.
First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.167-178. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Grunberg N. E. (1990). Potential Applications of Restricted Environmental Stimulus Therapy in Behavioral Health.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.36-50. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Ramirez C.E., Suedfeld P., Remick R.A. & Fleming J.A.E. (1990). Potential Beneficial Effect of REST on Patients with Electroconvulsive Therapy.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.188-195. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Rzewnicki R., Wallbaum A.B.C., Steel H. & Suedfeld P. (1990). REST for Muscle Contraction Headaches
A Comparison of Two REST Environments Combined with Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.245-254. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Dr. Suchurbruck, Dr. Berman & Tapprich J. (1997).
Treatment of Psychosomatic Illness Through Mental Training and Floatation in Oxygenated Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Baths. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Tikalsky F.D. (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation, Relaxation Therapy
Social Support and Mental Imagery as a Treatment Regimen in Breast Cancer. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp267-271. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.

O'Toole P. & Barabasz M. (1997). Effects of Rational Emotive Therapy and REST on Social Anxiety. 6th International REST Conference. San Francisco.
Pudvah M.B. & Rzewnicki R. (1990). Six Months in the Tank
The Long-Term Effects of Flotation Isolation on State Anxiety, Hostility, and Depression. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.79-85. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.

Children with Autism

Harrison J. & Barabasz A. (1993). REST as a Treatment for Children with Autism.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 269-280. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Suedfeld P. & Schwartz G. (1980). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) as a Treatment for Autistic Children.
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. Vol.4, #3, pp. 196-201. William & Wilkins Co.

Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS)

Goldstein D.D. & Jessen W.E. (1990). Flotation Effect on Premenstrual Syndrome.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.260-266. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Jessen W. (1993). The Effects of Consecutive Floats and Their Timing on Premenstrual Syndrome.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 281-288. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Physiological Effects

Barabasz M., O'Neill M. & Scoggin G. (1990). The Physiological Panic Button
New Data. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.112-119. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Budzynski T.H. (1990). Hemespheric Asymmetry and REST. Restricted Environmental Stimulation
Theoretical and Empirical Developments in Flotation REST. Pp. 2-21. New York: Sringer-Verlag New York Inc.
Ewy G., Sershon P., Freundlich T. (1990). The Presence or Absence of Light in the REST Experience
Effects on Plasma Cortisol, Blood Pressure and Mood. Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.120- 133. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Fine T., Mills D. & Turner J. Jr. (1993). Differential Effects of Wet and Dry Flotation REST on EEG Frequency and Amplitude.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. 205-213. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T. & Turner J.W. (1985). The Use of Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST) in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension.
First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.136-143. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Fine T.& Turner J.W. (1987). The Effect of flotation REST on EMG Biofeedback and Plasma Cortisol. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.148-155. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Francis W.D. & Stanley J.M. (1985). The Effects of Restricted Environmental Stimulation on Physiological and Cognitive Indices.
First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.40-49. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Malowitz R., Tortora T. & Lehmann C.A. (1990). Effects of Floating in a Saturated Epsom Salts Solution Disinfected with Bromine on the Aerobic Microbial Flora of the Skin.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.139-150. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Ruzyla-Smith P. & Barabasz A. (1993). Effects of Flotation REST on the Immune Response
T-Cells, B-Cells, Helper and Suppressor Cells. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 223-238. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Steel G. (1993). Relaxed and Alert:Patterns of T-Wave Amplitude and Heart Rate in a REST Environment.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 249-260. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (1985).
Hormonal Changes Associated with Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy.First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. pp.17-39. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation Influences Plasma Cortisol Levels and Their Variability.
Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. pp.71-78. Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Turner J. Jr. & Fine T.H. (1993). The Physiological Effects of Flotation REST.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 215-222. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Turner J.W. Jr., Fine T. & Hamad N.M. (1997). Plasma Catecholamine Activity During Flotation REST.6th International REST Conference.San Francisco
Turner J. Jr., Gerard W., Hyland J., Nieland P. & Fine T. (1993).
Effects of Wet and Dry Flotation REST on Blood Pressure and Plasma Cortisol. Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 239-248. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Turner J., Fine T.H., McGrady A. & Higgins J.T. (1987).
Effects of Biobehaviorally Assisted Relaxation Training on Blood Pressure and Hormone Levels and Their Variation in Normotensives and Essential Hypertansives. 2nd International Conference on REST. pp.87-109. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Turner J. Jr., Shroeder H. & Fine T.H. (1993). A Method for Continuous Blood Sampling During Flotation REST.
Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation: New Developments and Perspectives. pp. 261-267. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Other REST Literature

Barabasz A.F. & Barabasz M. (eds.) (1993). Clinical and Experimental Restricted Environmental Stimulation
New Developments and Perspectives. (Based on the 4th International Conference on REST) New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1983). First International Conference on REST and Self-Regulation. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1985). 2nd International Conference on REST. Toledo, Ohio: IRIS Publications.
Fine T.H. & Turner J.W. (eds.). (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Research and Commentary. (Based on the 3rd International Conference on REST). Toledo, Ohio: Medical College of Ohio Press.
Suedfeld P. & Turner J.W. & Fine T.H. (eds.). (1990). Restricted Environmental Stimulation: Theoretical and Empirical Developments in Flotation REST New York : Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

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